Humans and elephants appear to be able to learn and then hold grudges. I’m not sure any other animals have been documented that way. In a non-civil environment, grudges can be useful because a grudged person will never get bitten twice by the same snake. But usually, in people, they’re an over-reaction to behavior that they’d like to control but can’t.
Humans and elephants appear to be able to learn and then hold grudges. I’m not sure any other animals have been documented that way. In a non-civil environment, grudges can be useful because a grudged person will never get bitten twice by the same snake. But usually, in people, they’re an over-reaction to behavior that they’d like to control but can’t.